The Heegner syndrome algebra on the canonical mod-3 Hecke quotient at level 163

Paper II in the singular Hecke node series
Richard Hoekstra · March 2026 · PDF

The canonical summand

Let V = S₂(Γ₀(163)) be the space of weight-2 cusp forms at level 163, reduced modulo 3 via the integral modular-symbols lattice. The characteristic polynomial of T₂ modulo 3 factors as

χ(x) ≡ x³ · (x⁴ + 2x³ + 2) · (x⁶ + x⁴ + x³ + x + 1) mod 3

The three factors are pairwise coprime, giving a Hecke-stable decomposition of dimensions 3 + 4 + 6 = 13. The 3-dimensional piece Q = ker(T₂²) is a canonical direct summand — the x²-primary component of T₂. It does not depend on a choice of basis.

The algebra

Theorem The seven Heegner operators T_d for d ∈ {3, 7, 11, 19, 43, 67, 163} act on Q through a 3-dimensional commutative algebra A_H = Span{I, E, N} with:
E² = E,   N² = 0,   EN = NE = 0
The explicit Heegner operator images are: T₃ = E, T₁₉ = −E, T₁₁ = N, T₇ = −I+N, T₄₃ = T₆₇ = I+E−N, T₁₆₃ = −I−E.
Structure: A_H ≅ F₃ × F₃[ε]/(ε²) — a field factor times a dual-number algebra. One idempotent, one orthogonal nilpotent.

The canonical collision T₄₃ = T₆₇ on Q is exact and base-free. These two operators are indistinguishable at the mod-3 level; they separate only after 3-adic lifting.

The projective symmetry

The unit group of A_H has 12 elements. Its projectivisation modulo scalar units is cyclic of order 6:

A_H× / F₃× ≅ C₆

This group acts on the 13 points of P(Q) with orbit decomposition 1 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 6. The invertible Heegner operators T₇, T₄₃, T₆₇, T₁₆₃ generate the full projective unit group, with projective orders 3, 6, 6, 2 respectively.

The trace form

The quotient trace form G_Q(d,d') = Tr(T_d T_{d'} | Q) has rank 2, not 3. The nilpotent direction N lies in the radical: in a commutative algebra, multiplication by a nilpotent element has trace zero. The algebra has three dimensions but only two are visible to the trace.

Family context

Among the class-number-one prime levels {19, 43, 67, 163}, the dimensions of Q_N = ker(T₂²) are {1, 0, 0, 3}. Level 163 is the first class-number-one prime with a genuinely 3-dimensional syndrome quotient. The phenomenon is not globally unique — other levels such as 71, 127, 167, and 199 also have nontrivial syndrome summands — but within the class-number-one family, 163 is special.

The syndrome algebra is the mod-3 shadow of a deeper object: the singular 3-adic Hecke node described in Paper III. The dual-number factor F₃[ε]/(ε²) is the residue of the nodal ring Z₃[η]/(η² − 3η).
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